As time and data collection proceeds, I guess I need to look into examples for the design project as well. Found サスティナビリティの意匠的検討に基づく集合住宅設計 by 山田匠。I contains most of the sustainable design projects presented in the SD review magazine. He divided them into the following:

a. Form
b. Material
c. Facade
d. Plan/Placement
e. Cross Section

Examples of Form

Example 1: 鈴木設備事務所社屋
Example 2: 地球環境戦略研究機関　新建築
Example 3: スリーザスクエア (見つからない）
Example 4: 角田歯科医院
Example 5: 三ヶ日町立図書館
Example 6: 川尻小学校
Example 7: ところミュージアム大三島
Example 8: 月見の里学遊館
Example 9: アーバネックス三条
Example 10: なおび幼稚園

• Getting Station IDs with their online links first.
• Tried to access the API by wundergrounf and by NETATMO, but both provide current info and not historic data. Copy paste might be the only option here.
• Overall the first step is to get “Hyper Local” Temperature data.
• Then create 東京23区温度分布図of the following types:
  • Max Temp average
  • Temperature gradient on the hottest day of the year

https://dev.netatmo.com/resources/technical/introduction  Link to netatmo api— doesnt work

wunderground map – link to past data, will collect this

1. After gather average max temp b/w 6月 and 9月 of last year, pick the hottest and coolest areas from the list and work inwards

Why max temp represents the hottest hour, ergo the the ttime of the day when the max amount of heat energy is stored within the buildings, hence radiating max energy hence having max temp.
2. Check for the hottest day in the past year in tokyo and set that as the simulation setting
3. Create 560m (approx 1km2) radius models of each of those areas, working inwards simulate.
4. NEEDs to be circular
5. Analysis will depend on comparing
CEP – HIP – PHF – DID/Volume

6. try and prove that even when wind is taken intoaccount you need to build high density tall areas in order to reduce HIP and PHF. The only reason that high dense environments have been shown to not be good for heat island are because (菅沼）the heat has a hard time escaping.

Why circular? how does it help to have a cicular model instead of square??

(Res3)東京周辺におけるヒートアイランドの現状と土地利用との関連性に関する研究

This thesis used weather information from two sources. アメダス(by the Japan Metereological Agency) and Weather Underground (www.wunderground.com) by an American agency. Problem with アメダス is that it doesn’t have enough locations with data, even within the 23 wards of Tokyo it has about 21 stations. Weather Underground on the other hand seems to have a lot more locations currently, maybe because of the increase of stations bought after this particular thesis was done

Weather Underground and Tokyo Hot spots

For tomorrow, take all the weather spots in the 23区area and put them in an excel sheet. Collect the following information:

1. Location of the station
2. ID of the station

Giddy発表

Too huge, but the analytical space is limited to only 300m around the weather station
Cant really deal with heights and form of the city block. As shown before, in (res1) almost all countermeasures refer to change in surface material. But these measures are fairly impractical. We need a countermeasure that can be implemented through FORM.

行谷卒論

Too specific to location, deals purely with changing or improving material
Such studies become too location specific, but try and employ countermeasures that are at the scale of remote sensing?? Why?

Need 東京温度分布, will make one based on netatmo data. And pick the top 20 locations

(Res1)5 cases were simulated over Tokyo, 1. 緑化　2.保水材　3.高反射材　4.道路交通排熱削減　5.建物排熱削減　from 2015 to 2030:

After which the max cases of 1 and 4+5 were carried out which shows the following results

The Tokyo area’s 気温has increased over 3°C, looking at the results of 全緑化 of -2.53°C shows that it can basically solve the entire Heat island issue. But that is not what we are here to do. We can’t return an urban area back to a completely “green” area. The city with its concrete etc has other factors that affect our lifestyle. Wind was most probably not simulated because of the large scale and impracticality of the simulation. But these countermeasures are not exactly passive methods (except for green cover) each of them have hidden implementation and management costs. Furthermore, the percentage of area that can be covered using said measures is extremely low, the impact as well is low.

Is it necessary to consider heat island from a city scale perspective? Research(Res2) suggests that UHI effect may contribute to just 2%-4% of gross global warming (Which does not include emissions due to energy consumption). Even if emissions are considered, a lot of the above stated measures do not “directly” deal with reducing energy consumption and release of greenhouse gases per say. The only viable option is to deal with both areas systematically is to first look at the problem of UHI from a “city block” scale. Bringing back design to the equation instead of large scale countermeasures which are trying to tackle something that is developed by small scale development of a landscape.

General Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer Equations:

1. 東京都内高温分布‐瀧澤‐地域を決める
2. 範囲の決め方

人工密度高

駅周辺

Google Earth　でデータ出せる

Notes on Collective form に似いている

Population of those areas?, or rather Volume of those areas.

3. Checking for PHF per person, PHF per volume, HIP
4. TOKYO or BANGALORE?
5. Reduce all three
6. Form analysis? It should affect Building Form, not just heat island shit!

Tokyo

Easier to get basic Data and Model

Hard to defend

Bangalore

Hard to get data

Easier to Defend

CAD Mapper to get areas

CBD outskirts

Aim:
Flexible Development of a “Ventilation Path” as a countermeasure against Urban Heat Island (UHI) for the previously proposed “High Density” City Block Planning.

Background:
Urban Heat Island (UHI) and Heat Island Potential (HIP)
HIP was a calculation introduced by Mr. Hoyano of Tokyo University of Technology which gives us a macro view of the degree of the heat island effect. All the “heat emitting factors” listed above are considered and the surface temperatures of all the outward facing surfaces is calculated (meshes). The temperature difference between the surfaces (each mesh) and the atmospheric temperature is then simulated and then divided by the projected plane area of the city block. This gives a basic idea of the degree of urban heat island effect or in this case as its appropriate name, Heat Island Potential. The Formula is as given below. Note: This software can also simulate and calculate MRT, but as it is not used in this thesis, it will not be explained in further detail. Fig 1, Fig 2, Fig 3

fig 1

 fig 2

fig 3

Current Countermeasures:

1. Increase in greenery in order to convert sensible heat to latent heat. Issues include increase in management cost and virtually impossible in areas with water scarcity.
2. Installation of surfaces that reflect or convert solar insolation to latent heat. Issues include high capital cost for installation process.
3. Decrease in heat exhaustion due to human activity. The actual heat exhausted is very minimal in comparison to the solar insolation absorbed by the concrete and asphalt surfaces
4. Planning of a “Wind Path” or “Ventilation Path” in order to take exhaust heat out of city using convection. Since it required a large change in the entire urban fabric, it is a very long term solution. Very hard to implement in already developed cities.

Data:
Create Preliminary Urban Models (systematic not compositional).
Run them through “Prevailing Wind Simulations”
Since it is extremely hard to take in account “Transient Wind Flow” and “Transient Heat Flow” during the simulation. Run the simulations initially for only Improvement of wind flow itself (Which include the variables of (Vmag, P)). After we have settled on 3-4 major cases, we can start taking heat into account.

Definitions:
It is hard to define wind flow improvement when heat is not being taken into account in the preliminary phase of the testing. Therefore, there are a few options we have available.

Method 1:
Wind Tunnel Inlet and Outlet Wind Analysis. Analyze the pressure and wind speed at the inlet and outlet surfaces of the wind tunnel model.

Method 2:
Involves looking at the cumulative frequency graph of all the different colored pixels (which represent velocity magnitudes) and determine a broader definition for the how well the ventilation has improved.

Stuttgart’s Ventilation Path (Urban Scale):

• Aerodynamic roughness Length of all surfaces need to be under 50cm
• The ventilation path needs to be atleast 1000m in length and 50m in width. Building corners are to be smoothened out
• If any obstacle is to be placed in the wind path, its width should be under 10% of the wind path and under 10m in height.
• If such obstacles are to be lined up in the wind path, buildings need to have a They need to have a gap of at least 0.1XHeight of Obstacle in the case of buildings and 0.2XHeight of Obstacle in the case of trees.

Reading suggested by Sakaushi Sensei:
Investigations in the Collective Form, Fumihiko Maki Fig 10
Which is subdivided into

1. Compositional Form
2. Mega Form
3. Group Form

Linkage and Collective Form Fig 11

1. To Mediate
2. To Define
3. To Repeat
4. Sequential Path
5. To Select

fig 4

fig 5

Current Issues:
What scale to design at?

This will dictate the entire future process of this thesis/design, which software to use, and what kind of conclusion to derive.

Title: The Role of Complex Systems Analysis in Architectural Design/Theory, Creativity and Emergence.

　Keywords: Complex Systems, Emergence, Architectural Design, Governing Dynamics, Chaos Theory, Christopher Alexander, Nonlinear Systems, Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS),

What kind of effect did social/digital media have on Architectural design?
Democratization of architecture. The construction process as well as design process transformed from a professional to a DIY/hobbyist culture.  This can be explained by due to 2 major reasons. ①  increase in availability of professional tools and construction materials, for e.g., “DIY CNC machines led to unit system based architecture” Alastair Parvin Figure1. Manual Labour->Manual Centralised->Mechanical Centralised->Digital Centralised>Digital-Distributed. ② change from object/product oriented design to process oriented design. Instead of attaching value to the final product, people have started attaching value to the memory and the flow of the entire building process.

Both above reasons have economic, environmental backgrounds. ① shows that as the industrial revolution moves onto machine production, the cost and availability of resources reduces. ② Shows that as things get cheaper they get so cheap,, that businesses don’t profit, so the only way to increase the economic value of a product is to appeal to the consumer/customers emotional side. This is very similar to what Don Norman says in his book, the design of Everyday Things, “good design is invisible, bad design in noticeable”. Opposites working against each other. 　This brings me to an important epiphany, the thesis’s, especially in design have been focused too much on action and consequence, stimulus and response but in a very LINEAR WAY.

For e.g. Media->Architectural design, Economy->Architectural Design, but they are never seen through a NON-LINEAR approach.

Architectural design is complex and situated cognitive of information to generate a solution for a given problem. A Creative Architectural Design means the introduction of new variables that change a common design model or structure thought the emergence of unexpected design structures. A lot of critical analysts of architecture including Kenneth Frampton and Adrian Forty have linked this creative process to the change in construction techniques and economics respectively. However, this begs the question as to why designers come up with wildly unique designs for the same given problem. Objective analysis of these ideals is a new field wherein the design process is looked at from a “Complex Systems” perspective. Say for example, in the study of the Geometrical “Emergence” are analysed.

One of the first architects to propose such an approach was Christopher Alexander in his book, “notes on the synthesis of form”. It is then important to understand how forms are synthesized as currently it stands to be a very subjective method of processing. Creativity needs an objective definition especially in field like architecture which deals with both science and the humanities.

There have been a lot of studies concluding to the fact that creativity, is a limited resource. However, with this thesis I would like to show the very opposite. It’s just that our understanding of creativity, especially with design is too linear. By understanding and employing the concept of “Emergence” I would like to show how creativity is not something that is planned but is a fallout product of the design process.

Data:

• Volume/Network analysis of the one hour design class from Sakaushi Lab.

Plan for next week’s presentation:

• Read and summarise Notes on the Synthesis of Form, Christopher Alexander (1964), extract relevant information for analysis of design processes

If however the book does not arrive,

• Improve understanding of the complex system theory, with focus on “Emergence”
• Search for concrete methods of analysis employed in other architectural design thesis, summarise and present

If employed data is unacceptable,

Search for new data, or create sufficient reasoning for employing the above-mentioned data

*Study on Geometrical Emergence in the Architectural Design of Le Corbusier, 日本建築学会大会学技術講演梗概集（東海）2012年9月

Satoshi Nasu, Ryo Murata, Masanobu Kayo, Koji Yagi 2000

A RESEARCH ON THE RELATION BETWEEN HOUSE AND SITE BY ANALYZING THE COMPOSITION OF INDOOR AND OUTDOOR SPACES IN MODERN HOUSES

Comparison of Works by R.M. Schindler and R.J. Neutra in Southern California